{"id":2696,"date":"2019-03-30T15:13:18","date_gmt":"2019-03-30T13:13:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lider-agro.md\/?p=2696"},"modified":"2020-10-11T09:44:52","modified_gmt":"2020-10-11T07:44:52","slug":"simplu-despre-erbicide-si-buruieni-rezistente","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lider-agro.md\/?p=2696","title":{"rendered":"SIMPLU DESPRE ERBICIDE \u0218I BURUIENI REZISTENTE"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Erbicidele — substan\u021be chimice, destinate combaterii buruienilor \u00een terenurile cultivate,<\/strong><\/em>au devenit \u00een ultimul timp cele mai importante inputuri agricole. Ele se utilizeaz\u0103 at\u00e2t pe<\/strong><\/em> c\u00e2mpuri, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een gospod\u0103rii de diferite dimensiuni. \u00cen zilele noastre pra\u0219a manual\u0103 nu <\/strong><\/em>este o activitate pl\u0103cut\u0103, mai degrab\u0103 unica metod\u0103 de combatere a buruienilor pentru <\/strong><\/em>cei care practic\u0103 agricultura pe terenurile de l\u00e2ng\u0103 cas\u0103.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/em>Toate erbicidele sunt substan\u021be chimice cu o toxicitate diferit\u0103,<\/strong>ele pot deveni \u0219i mai toxice c\u00e2nd nu sunt aplicate <\/strong>corect. Utiliza\u021bi la maxim echipamentul de protec\u021bie \u0219i respecta\u021bi<\/strong> regulile de igien\u0103! Ave\u021bi grij\u0103 de s\u0103n\u0103tatea Dumneavoastr\u0103 <\/strong>\u0219i a celor din jur!<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/em>Fermierii, de regul\u0103, au acces continuu la dou\u0103 surse de informare despre erbicide. Prima surs\u0103 este registrul de stat, cu denumirea oficial\u0103 de \u201dRegistrul de Stat al produselor de uz fitosanitar \u0219i al fertilizan\u021bilor, permise pentru utilizare \u00een Republica Moldova\u201d, editat periodic \u00een variant\u0103 printat\u0103 \u0219i disponibil on-line pe: http:\/\/www.pesticide.md\/registrul-de-stat\/. A doua surs\u0103 sunt materialele editate de c\u0103tre firmele de distribu\u021bie \u0219i etichetele erbicidelor. Cercet\u0103rile erbologice, efectuate \u00een Republica Moldova, au eviden\u021biat 469 specii de buruieni r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite \u00een \u021bar\u0103. \u00cen \u201dRegistrul de Stat\u201d, editat \u00een 2014, ca cele mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite buruieni sunt indicate 116 specii. \u00cen condi\u021biile unui c\u00e2mp anumit sc\u0103derea recoltei este provocat\u0103 de 8-10 specii de buruieni. Spectrul de buruieni care invadeaz\u0103 un c\u00e2mp, un asolament sau o gospod\u0103rie nu este stabil. Fluctua\u021biile au loc sub influen\u021ba tehnologiei de cultivare, condi\u021biile climaterice \u0219i a activit\u0103\u021bii umane. Num\u0103rul erbicidelor omologate (permise pentru utilizare) \u00een Moldova este \u00een continu\u0103 cre\u0219tere. Acest fapt nicidecum nu este unul negativ, mai degrab\u0103 pozitiv. Pentru combaterea buruienilor este de dorit ca toate plantele cultivate pe suprafe\u021be mari \u0219i mici s\u0103 fie asigurate cu erbicide eficiente. Un erbicid poate fi numit dup\u0103 denumirea produsului comercial — a\u0219a cum apare \u00een documentele fiscale \u0219i cum este indicat pe eticheta de pe canistra cu erbicid sau dup\u0103 substan\u021ba activ\u0103 (ingredientul activ). Denumirea produsului comercial, de obicei, este o chestie de marketing a firmei produc\u0103toare \u0219i nu are nimic comun cu efectele erbicidului sau propriet\u0103\u021bile lui. Pentru fermieri nu este necesar s\u0103 re\u021bin\u0103 denumirile produselor comerciale, deoarece produse comerciale care con\u021bin una \u0219i aceea\u0219i substan\u021b\u0103 activ\u0103 sunt foarte multe \u0219i, practic este imposibil de a le memoriza. Denumirea substan\u021bei active reprezint\u0103 denumirea comun\u0103 a substan\u021bei care provoac\u0103 un efect asupra buruienilor.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/em>Denumirea substan\u021bei active este g\u00e2ndit\u0103 pentru a fi re\u021binut\u0103 mai u\u0219or de utilizatorii produselor de uz fitosanitar. Este \u00een interesul fermierilor s\u0103 re\u021bin\u0103 denumirea substan\u021bei active, \u00eentruc\u00e2t anume substan\u021ba activ\u0103 este purt\u0103toare de propriet\u0103\u021bi de erbicid.\u00a0 Un exemplu care demonstreaz\u0103 diversitatea produselor comerciale cu o substan\u021b\u0103 activ\u0103 concret\u0103 este informa\u021bia de pe pagina Centrului Na\u021bional de Informare \u00een domeniul pesticidelor (http:\/\/npic.orst.edu\/factsheets\/glyphogen. html#whatis), unde este indicat c\u0103 substan\u021ba activ\u0103 glifosat se realizeaz\u0103 pe teritoriul SUA sub form\u0103 de mai mult de 750 de produse comerciale. Conform informa\u021biei prezentate \u00een \u201dRegistrul de Stat\u201d, editat \u00een 2014, \u00een Republica Moldova sunt \u00eenregistrare 267 produse comerciale la baza c\u0103rora stau 40 de substan\u021be active simple \u0219i 28 de amestecuri \u00een care ingredientul activ este compus din dou\u0103 \u0219i mai multe substan\u021be active. De obicei, un produs comercial este omologat \u0219i permis pentru utilizare la mai multe culturi, de exemplu la cultura porumbului sunt omologate 92 produse comerciale, la cultura sfeclei de zah\u0103r — 76 produse comerciale, la cultura gr\u00e2ului de toamn\u0103 — 60 produse. Num\u0103rul mare de erbicide: produsele noi, produsele vechi cu denumiri noi, formul\u0103rile noi a produselor vechi, amestecurile \u0219i erbicidele generice pot face combaterea buruienilor o sarcin\u0103 dificil\u0103 \u0219i confuz\u0103.Pentru a \u00een\u021belege de ce unele buruieni sunt nimicite \u0219i altele nu, vom vorbi despre trei fenomene: de sensibilitate, de toleran\u021b\u0103, de rezisten\u021b\u0103. Atunci, c\u00e2nd dup\u0103 aplicarea erbicidului buruiana este nimicit\u0103, avem de-a face cu fenomenul de sensibilitate a buruienilor fa\u021b\u0103 de ac\u021biunea erbicidului. Unele companii prezint\u0103 speciile comb\u0103tute ca specii foarte sensibile \u2013 la aplicarea erbicidului \u00een doza recomandat\u0103 buruienile men\u021bionate sunt comb\u0103tute. Pe etichetele produselor comerciale \u0219i \u00een informa\u021bia disponibil\u0103 la firmele de distribu\u021bie putem g\u0103si \u0219i diferite formul\u0103ri de felul: combate \u00een propor\u021bie de 80%, par\u021bial combate, stopeaz\u0103 cre\u0219terea, mediu sensibile etc. Toleran\u021ba buruienilor se manifest\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd buruienile tolereaz\u0103 erbicidul aplicat, nu sunt comb\u0103tute \u0219i nici nu sunt afectate de aplicarea erbicidului.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/em>De exemplu, bentazonul, o substan\u021b\u0103 activ\u0103 destinat\u0103 combaterii buruienilor anuale cu frunza lat\u0103 \u00een sem\u0103n\u0103turile mai multor culturi agricole, combate buruienile anuale cu frunza lat\u0103 (deoarece buruienile sunt sensibile, iar erbicidul manifest\u0103 o ac\u021biune fitotoxic\u0103 asupra buruienilor cu frunza lat\u0103) \u0219i nu le afecteaz\u0103 pe cele cu frunza \u00eengust\u0103. Buruienile cu frunza \u00eengust\u0103, \u00een acest caz, sunt tolerante la ac\u021biunea erbicidului, \u0219i avem de-a face cu fenomenul de toleran\u021b\u0103. Buruienile rezistente sunt buruienile care \u00een anii preceden\u021bi au fost comb\u0103tute cu erbicidul dat (de obicei ele sunt comb\u0103tute), dar \u00een acest an ele nu au fost comb\u0103tute. \u00cen a\u0219a caz presupunem apari\u021bia buruienilor rezistente \u0219i posibil vom avea de-a face cu fenomenul de rezisten\u021b\u0103. Buruienile rezistente apar la aplicarea repetat\u0103, pe parcursul c\u00e2torva ani, a erbicidelor cu acela\u0219i mod de ac\u021biune. Fenomenul de rezisten\u021b\u0103 se cere confirmat prin cercet\u0103ri \u0219tiin\u021bifice \u0219i numai dup\u0103 ob\u021binerea rezultatelor putem spune cu fermitate c\u0103 au ap\u0103rut buruieni rezistente. Modul de ac\u021biune este calea prin care un erbicid combate plantele sensibile. De regul\u0103, descrie procesul biologic sau enzima din plant\u0103 pe care erbicidul o \u00eentrerupe, afect\u00e2nd cre\u0219terea \u0219i dezvoltarea normal\u0103 a plantei. \u00cen unele cazuri, modul de ac\u021biune poate fi o descriere general\u0103 a simptomelor de v\u0103t\u0103mare, observate la plantele sensibile. Actualmente \u00een Republica Moldova sunt omologate erbicide cu 16 moduri de ac\u021biune diferite (vezi: Clasificarea erbicidelor conform modul de ac\u021biune). Unele moduri de ac\u021biune cuprind c\u00e2teva familii chimice care difer\u0103 foarte pu\u021bin dup\u0103 compozi\u021bia chimic\u0103, dar combat buruienile sensibile \u00een acela\u0219i mod, cauz\u00e2nd acelea\u0219i simptome de v\u0103t\u0103mare. Erbicidele pot fi clasificate \u0219i dup\u0103 \u201dsite-ul sau locul de ac\u021biune\u201d. Site-ul de ac\u021biune este o descriere mai exect\u0103 a ac\u021biunii erbicidului, \u00eens\u0103 deseori termenul \u201dmodul de ac\u021biune\u201d \u0219i \u201dsite-ul de ac\u021biune\u201d sunt utilizate interschimbabil pentru a descrie diferite grupuri de erbicide. De ce este important de a cunoa\u0219te modul de ac\u021biune a erbicidelor? Cunoa\u0219terea \u0219i \u00een\u021belegerea modului de ac\u021biune este un pas important \u00een selectarea corect\u0103 a erbicidului pentru fiecare cultur\u0103, diagnosticarea v\u0103t\u0103m\u0103rii de c\u0103tre erbicide \u0219i schi\u021barea unei strategii de gestionarea a buruienilor pentru sistemul d-str\u0103 de producere. Utilizarea larg\u0103 a unei substan\u021be active sau a unui mod de ac\u021biune impune o presiune de selectare asupra popula\u021biei de buruieni \u0219i poate selecta plante rezistente. Cu timpul, plantele rezistente se vor \u00eenmul\u021bi, vor deveni buruieni dominante \u00een c\u00e2mp \u0219i, ca rezultat, erbicidele nu vor mai putea combate buruienile. \u00cen prezent exist\u0103 495 de cazuri unice (specii x sit de ac\u021biune) ale buruienilor rezistente la erbicid la nivel global, cu 255 specii (148 dicotiledonate \u0219i 107 monocotiledonate). Buruienile au dezvoltat rezisten\u021b\u0103 la 23 din cele 26 de site-uri cunoscute de ac\u021biune ale erbicidului \u0219i la 163 erbicide diferite. Buruieni rezistente la erbicide au fost raportate la 92 de culturi din 70 de \u021b\u0103ri (http:\/\/weedscience.org\/, 07.10.2018). Premize pentru apari\u021bia buruienilor rezistente pot fi \u0219i schimbarea condi\u021biilor de cultivare. Doar alternarea substan\u021belor active, nu este suficient\u0103 pentru a preveni dezvoltarea buruienilor rezistente la erbicide. Pentru a preveni apari\u021bia buruienilor rezistente este necesar de a efectua rota\u021bia modurilor de ac\u021biune, combin\u00e2nd cu alte metode de combatere a buruienilor. La momentul scrierii articolului, \u00een Moldova sunt omologate 58 de substan\u021be active care
\nse utilizeaz\u0103 ca erbicide simple (o substan\u021b\u0103 activ\u0103) \u0219i compuse (c\u00e2teva substan\u021be active). Cea mai numeroas\u0103 este grupa B (Inhibi\u021bie a acetolactate sintezei ALS) care cuprinde 17 substan\u021be active. Trebuie s\u0103 men\u021bion\u0103m c\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 grup\u0103 exist\u0103 erbicide efective care se aplic\u0103 la culturile cerealiere de grupa I,la porumb, soia, floarea-soarelui \u0219i sfecla pentru zahar. Exist\u0103
\nfoarte mare probabilitate ca fermierii s\u0103 aplice \u00een rota\u021bii pentru culturile men\u021bionate doar erbicide din grupa B. \u00cen lume sunt 160 de specii de buruieni rezistente la erbicidele din aceast\u0103 grup\u0103 (Dr. Ian Heap, weedsciences.org 2018). Grupa B este grupa cu cele mai multe specii, urmat\u0103 de C1, C2 \u0219i C3. Rezisten\u021ba \u00eencruci\u0219at\u0103 apare atunci c\u00e2nd o plant\u0103 are un mecanism care permite plantelor s\u0103 supravie\u021buiasc\u0103 dup\u0103 tratamentul cu erbicide din diferite familii chimice sau cu diferite moduri de ac\u021biune. Rezisten\u021ba multipl\u0103 se refer\u0103 la plantele care au mai mult de un mecanism care le permite s\u0103 supravie\u021buiasc\u0103 tratamentului cu erbicide cu diferite moduri de ac\u021biune. Este deosebit de dificil s\u0103 se controleze biotipurile de buruieni rezistente la multiple moduri de ac\u021biune. \u00cen articolele urm\u0103toare vom relata despre strategia de evitare a fenomenului de rezisten\u021b\u0103. Acum, c\u00e2nd este suficient timp p\u00e2n\u0103 la prim\u0103var\u0103, este util de a verifica modurile de ac\u021biune a erbicidelor utilizate \u00een anul precedent \u0219i a planifica pentru anul urm\u0103tor erbicide, evit\u00e2nd alternarea erbicidelor cu acela\u0219i mod de ac\u021biune. Pentru a verifica modul de ac\u021biune a erbicidelor,p\u0103stra\u021bi tabelul din acest articol, consulta\u021bi pagina https:\/\/hracglobal.com\/tools\/classification-lookup sau desc\u0103rca\u021bi aplica\u021bia Global HRAC de pe https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/search?q=global%20hrac.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/em>*HRAC \u2013 Herbicides Resistance Action Committee. Este un organism interna\u021bional, fondat de industria agrochimic\u0103, care contribuie la protejarea recoltelor \u0219i a calit\u0103\u021bii \u00een \u00eentreaga lume prin sus\u021binerea eforturilor \u00een lupta \u00eempotriva buruienilor rezistente la erbicide. Arysta LifeScience, BASF, Bayer CropScience, Dow AgroSciences, DuPont Crop Protection, FMC, Makhteshim Agan\/
\nADAMA, Monsanto, Syngenta Crop Protection \u0219i Sumitomo Chemical Company sunt companiile care au fondat acest organism.** Sunt prezentate doar substan\u021bele active, omologate \u00een Republica Moldova la data de 18.09.2018 conform registrului de stat,versiunea on-line.<\/p>\n

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\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Erbicidele — substan\u021be chimice, destinate combaterii buruienilor \u00een terenurile cultivate,au devenit \u00een ultimul timp cele mai importante inputuri agricole. Ele se utilizeaz\u0103 at\u00e2t pe c\u00e2mpuri, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een gospod\u0103rii de diferite dimensiuni. \u00cen zilele noastre pra\u0219a manual\u0103 nu este o activitate pl\u0103cut\u0103, mai degrab\u0103 unica metod\u0103 de combatere a buruienilor pentru cei care […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2370,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2696","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lider-agro-09-2018","category-4"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lider-agro.md\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2696","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lider-agro.md\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lider-agro.md\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lider-agro.md\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lider-agro.md\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2696"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/lider-agro.md\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2696\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9730,"href":"https:\/\/lider-agro.md\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2696\/revisions\/9730"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lider-agro.md\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2370"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lider-agro.md\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2696"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lider-agro.md\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2696"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lider-agro.md\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2696"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}